The Importance Of Unethical Experiments - 1879 Words

Every day, there are scientist/ researchers conducting experiments, or studies, in order to try and prove facts about everyday life. In conducting these experiments, there are the normal, ethical experiments that have continuously gone to prove many different facts that most of us might have not even noticed about ourselves or one another, and then there are the few experiments that are deemed to be unethical and, although still have shown and proved to us different facts about ourselves, really can not be replicated once again because of the amount of controversy caused by them. The experiments and studies such as the Stanley Milgram Obedience experiment, the Stanford Prison and Guards experiment, the Bystander Effect, the David Reimer†¦show more content†¦Now as the voltage would increase, the fake screams of the learner (the accomplice) would become louder and more agonizing so that the â€Å"teacher† would get tricked into thinking he was actually causing the lear ner physical pain. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the â€Å"teacher† would continue to administer the shocks each time the voltage increased even though he could hear the learners screams just because the experimenter/ authoritative figure would instruct him to do so. The result of the experiment was that 62.5% of the â€Å"teachers† went to the max voltage (450 volts) even though the â€Å"learner† was instructed to stay quiet once the voltage got above 300 volts to make it seem as if the â€Å"learner† had lost consciousness which proved that the majority of people would in fact, listen to what an authoritative figure tells them to do even though it could be causing another severe pain. What you can take away from this is that in the end, the majority of the â€Å"teachers† (participants) were willing to administer a fatal shock and potentially end someone’s life just because an authoritative figure instructed them to which proved Stanley Milgram’s purpose of the experiment. Now this experiment was said to be unethical because of the fact that Milgram deceived the participants and tricked them into believing that they could have actually murdered another human being. The experience ofShow MoreRelatedThe Psychological Health Of Human And Obedience991 Words   |  4 Pages Since the 1960s unethical experiments have been conducted to understand the mechanisms behind these phenomena. Recent studies explore the necessity of those unsafe practices to arouse new ideas in the psychological literature. Conversely, they also exploit the unnecessary risks of practices in which could’ve been alleviated to minimize harm to participants. Till this day, experiments conducted since the 1960s have been important to understand power and obedience. An experiment by Milgram (1963)Read MoreStanley Milgrams Experiments On Obedience1386 Words   |  6 PagesIn her article, â€Å"Review of Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience†, psychologist Diana Baumrind criticizes Stanley Milgram’s experiments on obedience to authority, stating that not only were Milgram’s experiments unethical but so was the scientist himself, claiming that he did not take appropriate measures to properly ensure his subject’s wellbeing post-experiment and therefore, experiments such as these should not be repeated. Baumrind does address an important point in her review and that isRead MoreThe Tuskegee Syphilis Study And The Stanford Prison Experiment883 Words   |  4 Pagescodes. The Tuskegee syphilis study and the Stanford prison experiment highlighted a psychological study without proper patients’ consent and appropriate treatment, resulting in a research disaster with unethical incidents. During the timespan of 1932 to 1972 in Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama, 600 poor and rural African American men were participants for a study done by the United States Public Health Service (â€Å"The Rationalization of Unethical Research,† 2015, pg. 13). Deprived of proper treatment,Read MoreThe Little Albert Experiment : Psychological Research And Society881 Words   |  4 PagesAlbert Experiment, which revealed new insight into conditioned emotional responses, affected psychological research and society through further understanding of the origin of some fears; I personally feel the experiment to have been unethical, yet it is this unethicalness which makes it particularly interesting and is why I chose this experiment in particular. The Little Albert Experiment set out to further the understanding of classical conditioning in regards to humans. The experiment was performedRead MoreMilgram and Zimbardo - Ethics and Usefulness839 Words   |  4 Pagesobtained) and which study is the most unethical. The study of social psychology, particularly conformity, is very difficult to conduct both ethically and accurately in order to be able to obtain useful results. In the studies done by Milgram and Zimbardo, ethics were definitely breached but to what extent were these experiments useful, and which one offered the most insight into human behaviour? While both Milgram and Zimbardo’s methods were flawed and unethical towards the participants I believeRead MoreBad Blood, Good Nursing1538 Words   |  7 Pagessuch mistake involves the role that the infamous Nurse Rivers played in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Today, we know that nurses have an ethical duty to intervene when an unethical practice is found, both for the safety of the patient and the integrity of the title RN. Nurses may have difficulty intervening with unethical practices of a doctor because of the negative effects it may have on the working relationship. However, after reviewing what occurred within the Tuskegee study, we’ve seen whatRead MoreUnethical And Criminal Behavior During The Prussian Parliament944 Words   |  4 PagesThe experiment with human subject was brought to an attention to the Prussian Parliament, when several unethical and criminal behaviors were traced in the field of research in Germany in the nineteenth century. The research was mainly conducted unethically in the hospitals, mainly without any informed consent. The turning point for the establishment of universal rule regarding human experiment was done after the case of Neisser, where in 1898, Albert Neisser, who discovered the gonoc occus and professorRead MoreClinical Trials: A Kantian and Utilitarian Point of View Essay965 Words   |  4 Pagesis entitled â€Å"of mice but not men: problems of randomized clinical trials,† is written by Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman discusses the issues of randomized medical testing and experiments on patients. The article describes the role of the personal physician and how the physician can take an ethical or unethical path of treating his/her patients. The relationship between the patient and physician is greatly emphasized because according to the article trust is very valuable in medicine especiallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Oryx And Crake By Margaret Atwood1321 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics of individuals. Having said that, ethics plays a significant role in Margaret Atwood’s novel, Oryx and Crake. The world in which Oryx and Crake are presented differs from our own. The lifestyle throughout the novel demonstrates the value and importance of e thics in one’s life and how it can effortlessly lead to a tragedy. In the novel, Margaret Atwood focuses on the excess of the lack of moral responsibility and freedom showing that as much as science can help a person, it can also destroy themRead MoreRacism and Research the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 1940s validation of penicillin as an effective cure for the disease they were studying. To explore the role of the racism in the controversial study, this essay analyzes the article written by Allan M. Brandt. | | The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (also known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study or Public Health Service Syphilis Study) was an infamous clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) to study the natural progression of untreated

Use Of Technology And Social Media - 1062 Words

The use of technology and social media makes our life a lot easier. Social media and technology play a huge role in our everyday life and friendship. In today’s world, people, mostly teenagers use social media and technology every day to communicate and interact with others. Technology gives us an opportunity to connect with anybody we want from anywhere we are, saving us time. According to â€Å"Daily News† 84 percent of people worldwide say they couldn’t go a single day without their mobile device in their hand. That means almost everybody uses their phone in order to communicate and stay updated. I use my phone every single day and I cannot imagine living my life without a smartphone. I go on social media websites every day to connect with friends and see what they are doing. It is the fastest way to interact with friends and I love technology for that. A couple decades ago people didn’t have good communication devices therefore it was much harder for t hem to connect with each other. Technology makes it much more convenient and easy for us to use, saving us a lot of time. Having technology makes our life easier and at the same time virtual. It is very convenient and just normal for our society to use it everyday. In my opinion modern technology provides more options and opportunities to connect with our friends. I really don’t think that technology and social media ruin our friendships like most people would say. It all depends on how you use it. Technology and Social mediaShow MoreRelatedUse Of Technology And Social Media1564 Words   |  7 Pagesparties, many of us see technology and social media being used. The growth of technology and social media has evolved drastically and has pushed itself into the modern world and is used as an electronically communication tool. Information spreads and people retain information that is posted on social media. According to Pew Research Center’s article â€Å"Social Media Usa ge:2005-2015†, almost two-thirds of the American adults which composes about 65% of the population, uses social networking sites (PerrinRead MoreEfficient Business Communications in Companies Today Means Full Use of Social Media and Modern Technologies1411 Words   |  6 Pagescommunications around the world. Technologies and their advantages Technology seems to be in a state of constant evolution. New technologies are being developed all the time, and the impact this has had on the world of business communication is immeasurable. In spite of that speaking to someone in person is the best method of business communication, technology has allowed you to communicate with people around the world through other methods to save company money. Technology plays an important role inRead MoreHigh Dependence On Social Media Technology1648 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is high dependence on social media technology in daily human interaction and sharing of information. This has shaped the social interactions and development of personal relationships of people more so teenagers. Individuals in the modern society use social media technology extensively, which has caused significant change in time people spend in alternative activities. That is, given a time constraint of 24 hours in a day, time spent in using social media technology is drawn from another activityRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Technology1265 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics of the innovations, UTAUT pays attention to new technologies in an organi zational setting and its constructs place more emphasis on a user’s perception and expectation of the technologies. In this present study, social media is treated as a new technology being adopted for crisis communication in an organizational context. The first construct, performance expectancy, is the degree to which an individual expects that using a technology will help improve job performance (Venkatesh et al., 2003)Read MoreSociety s Addiction On Social Media Buzz Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction on Social Media Buzz Throughout the past few years, society has become more and more technologically advanced. Whether it be a cell phone, tablet, computer, television or any other device, most people have some sort of technology. With technology comes social media and social buzz. Everything people do, adult or teenager, can be linked with social connections. A simple tweet or Facebook status can be posted in a second. News can travel throughout the media instantly. Is all this technology andRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On The Treatment Of Diabetes1451 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes technology and online patient presence has reached a point where social media could make a substantial impact on diabetes treatment. The ideas are already starting to take hold, with social technology like DiaSend and CareLink, as well as social networks like TuDiabetes and PatientsLikeMe, leading the way. The future of diabetes and social media involves patients and physicians sharing information with each other like never before. The benefits include more efficient hospitals and moreRead MoreSocial Medi A Good Thing Or Bad Thing?1727 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has revolutionized the way United States society functions. Society will change based on technology whether we like it tor not; it depends on how we use technology to see the positive and negative effects of it. It is up to the individual whether or not to let social medias take over his or her life. From kids to teens to adults technology is crucial part in daily life. It is important to find a balance between social media and a personal life. It is up to the individual to create aRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1068 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most prominent areas of information technology present in today’s society is that of social media. Facebook users make up 62% of the entire adult population and Twitter users compose 20% of the population (Mobile Messaging and Social Media, 2015). Sites li ke these allow users to transfer information, in the form of social content, to the Internet community with no limitations. These sites also ease communication across great distances, allowing for a diverse audience for any informationRead MoreThe Controversial Issues Of Young People Using Internet And Communication Technologies1680 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, technologies of internet and mobile media has been widely used. The consequences of them on young people are powerful, however it has been an argumentative issue throughout years as the impacts contain both positive and negative sides. Based on the data from American life Project, there is an increasing rate of young people using smartphones and online social networking site such as Facebook, Twitter. This essay focuses on the controversial issues of young people using internet and communicationRead MoreA Brief Note On Technology And Social Media952 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology and Social Media: Crucial to Society Social media is one of the most popular means of communication today. The general public uses social media to talk to loved ones, find long lost friends, and participate in online discussions. As technological capabilities have advanced over the years, so has the public’s reliance on social media. Debates have surfaced about whether the public is misusing social media. Many people are questioning whether social media is replacing human interaction

The Crisis in American Education Free Essays

The crisis in American education Every American is required to attend and complete public school education. A person needs to be literate and properly educated to progress in life. However, there are many things that can impact a person’s education and personal life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crisis in American Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now These issues include illiteracy, drug abuse and violence at school. These issues combined with others create the crisis of American education. Getting an education today is very important because jobs are demanding in their criteria for job applicants. It is vital to survival that everyone knows and understands the English language. We have all gone to public school at one point or another, so we have all seen the dangers lurking about in our public schools. School violence is an issue that plagues each and every high school in the world. Teens are sometimes so afraid that they will skip school. Drug abuse is also getting to be a terrible problem in public schools as it affects the education of the student. As we have seen through Columbine and the Virginia tech massacre, there are some issues surrounding safety of schools and their children. There is a question of â€Å"who’s next? It’s very important that we recognize the warning signs in our students early on so that we can stop the violence before it ever happens. There are many solutions to the issues that affect our public schools ranging from gathering volunteers to just loving your child. In this essay, we will examine three main issues in public schools along with the causes, effects and solutions of each issue. There is a multitude of pr oblems facing the public schools today including teen violence, drug abuse, and illiteracy and we need to find the tools necessary to rebuild a more positive learning environment. Illiteracy is the inability to use language, read, write, listen and speak. Illiteracy is one of the main problems facing our public schools today. It has only been getting worse over the years. In the colonial days, parents were responsible for teaching their kids how to read. If they failed to teach them, they were fined by the state. Boy, have times changed. The three main causes of illiteracy are poverty, learning disabilities, and lack of family literacy. These problems have contributed to the whopping 32 million Americans who are illiterate today. Children in every public school are affected by illiteracy, sometimes because of a learning disability, like dyslexia. Between 1992 and 2003, there were 23 million people added to the population. 3. 6 million of those people were illiterate (enotalon. com). People have been illiterate for as long as the earth has been around. An incredible 75% of unemployed adults cannot read and write at a basic level. There was an organization formed called ProLiteracy. It is a group that teaches adults to read and write. It also distributes materials used to help teach the adults reading and writing. Illiteracy costs about $60 billion in lost productivity due to illiteracy. The U. S . has not made any progress in changing the illiteracy rates. Illiteracy affects every aspect of a person’s life. They may be ashamed or feel inadequate in life due to their literacy problem. There are solutions to the literacy problem in America. A first solution can be training our teachers better so they can better teach our children. A second solution can be to offer after school help for children. A third solution would be to change the environment at home. In 1985, Six Flags Marine World designed â€Å"read to succeed†. Read to succeed is a three unit program for third through eighth graders. It has grown to 209,000 students from 166,000 students in the year 1989. Read to succeed is designed to introduce youngsters to a lifetime of fun through reading independently. The program presents kids with interesting and fun topics. Each and every one of these solutions will be a definite help in solving the literacy problem. They will work together to create a working educational system comprised of adults and children. Children will no longer suffer from shame of being illiterate. Adults can gain the tools they need to survive in the real world. Illiteracy is an international problem that affects the student, family, community and the economy. With these solutions, we can learn to successfully combat the war against illiteracy. Bullying and school violence is a very scary, but real part of our everyday lives. Bullying is when kids use their power to control or harm others intentionally. Bullying includes making threats, name-calling, spreading rumors, or attacking someone verbally or physically. 1 in 4 kids are bullied every year. It has been proven that bullying affects a child’s ability to learn because they become so preoccupied with escaping a bully or feeling depressed about an incident that they cannot focus on their schoolwork. There are many causes to bullying, most dealing with outside influences. A first cause of bullying could be a history of family violence. Another cause could be learned racial, social, or religious prejudice. Another factor could be the violence portrayed in the media. Substance abuse is another cause of bullying. Bullying has many causes and many effects, so what can we do about it? We can assess bullying by participating in surveys that help determine the frequency and locations of bullying. First, you choose the survey you want, then, you obtain consent to take the survey. After you gain consent, you will administer the survey. When it is done, you will analyze and distribute your findings. You should always have a clear plan ready. Surveys can also gauge the effectiveness of a current prevention or intervention effort. Surveys also ask the schools and their communities about their experience and thoughts on bullying. This is a great way to understand the underlying causes and effects of bullying and who its victims are. Engaging the youth and parents can make a student feel safer, focus more on learning, and have the parent worrying less. Ways that a student can help is to contribute their experiences or views on bullying. They can promote respect and communicate regularly with their peers about the dangers of bullying. Parents can contribute by volunteering at school improvement events. School staff can keep parents informed about bullying and set up meetings convenient for the parent and child. School safety committees are groups of people focused on the concerns of school safety; where teachers can give their insights and administrators can answer questions. School safety committees plan prevention programs, develop communicate, and enforce bullying prevention policies and rules. They educate the public on bullying and evaluate bullying prevention efforts. It is very important that we build a comfortable environment for our students everywhere. We need to establish a culture of positivity and safety. We need to promote respect in every classroom. To make sure that our bullying prevention efforts are working, our school staff needs to be trained on what bullying is, what the school’s policies are, and how to enforce the rules. Training is most successful when a teacher feels their voice has been heard. I think that everyone would feel successful if they felt their voice was heard. How to cite The Crisis in American Education, Papers

Management Skills And Entrepreneurship †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management Skills And Entrepreneurship? Answer: Introduction This is a report, which describes the guidelines that should be followed for the success of entrepreneurship for a start up company. The report provides in depth analysis of the reasons, which causes the failure of a start up business organization. The business model of an organization is very important for its success and the next part will analyze the importance of using a business model that is sound and innovative. A start up has to maintain its sustainability and in order to do that is essential for a company to reach breakeven point. The report will also describe the managerial skills that are required to reach the break-even volume within two years of the commencement of the organization. The report will finally end with the analysis of the risk factors that are involved within the business and plan of action that will have to be used to mitigate the risk. The report will finally conclude with the analysis of the data that will be used as a source of evidence for the report. Failure of new business start ups It is been observed that majority of the small companies who start their ventures fail to maintain their sustainability. Therefore, it is very important to identify the reasons, which lead to downfall of so many companies so that the new ventures can survive in the market and gain sustainability (Drucker 2014). The first major reason is the problem with the existing market. The starts up companies are unable to build a marketing for the products they have made. The products do not have a value proposition or an unique selling proposition which will urge the consumers to purchase the product. The product developed a new company should be compelling to the consumers, there is a difference between need and want and the products manufactured by the company have to be a necessity for the consumers. There are certain products, which are too innovative for the market, and the consumers in the market are not ready for the product (Pinkwart et al. 2015). The market size for the new product is very small and it it tough to create a market for themselves. The execution of the blue ocean strategy is quite complex and tough for the new companies; they are unable to maintain their sustainability in the market. The next significant reason is the failure of the business model of the organization. The entrepreneurs are too confident about their product and they feel that it will be easy to capture to capture the market. The company uses innovative products and selling platforms, which will grab the attention of the consumers. The company may be able to grab the attention of the first few consumers but eventually CAC (cost of acquiring the consumers) will be higher the value of customers over a lifetime (LTV) (Krishna, Agrawal and Choudhary 2016). The entrepreneurs are not aware of the realistic cost for the acquisition of the consumers. The entrepreneurs will have to analyze the cost of acquisition with the overall value of the consumers in a lifetime, which will help to identi fy the feasibility of the project. The entrepreneurs can prevent a venture form failing if they rae to identify the feasibility of the venture. When CAC will be greater that the LTV the venture is not feasible and this factor will have to be realized by the budding entrepreneurs before starting of their business. This has made it clear that there are two things an entrepreneur will have to take in to consideration before commencement of the business, one is the appropriate way of the acquiring the consumers and the second is the monetization of the consumers at a rate higher than that of the acquisition cost (Tobak 2014). The rule is quite simple and entrepreneur will have to check whether the CAC is greater than the LTV to understand the feasibility of the project. Moreover, there are other cost which are included with the CAC so the acquisition cost will have to be less than the LTV by a greater margin (Kelly 2017). The next reason for failure of a start up business is the performance of the management team. A weak management team will make multiple mistakes and making major blunders at the beginning of the organization will prove to be gruesome for the organization. A poor management team will perform poorly in various aspects of management such as the development of the product and execution of the strategic plan of action. A weak team will be unable to manage the organization with optimal efficiency, which will lead to the failure of the organization. The acquisition of capital for the investment in the project is also another major reason for the failure of the start up organizations. The start up companies generally runs out of cash, as they are unaware of the financials of the organization. The time span of a company does not increase the valuation of the organization and the start-ups will have to achieve some milestones in order to increase the valuation of their respective organizations (Giardino, Wang and Abrahamsson 2014). The company will have to overcome a major obstacle in their path to improve the net worth of the organization. The capital of an organization runs out when the management team is unable to achieve their desired goal within the particular time span. When the company is unable to meet their target, the valuation of the organization decreases and it is tough for the organization to raise the required amount of capital. The entrepreneurs should be able to make proper utilization of the available capital, as there is shortage the amount of cash available for the running of the business. The leader should be able to differentiate among the necessary and unnecessary expenses of the organization (Dehn, Webley and Cunningham 2014). The entrepreneurs should be smart about the spending of the capital as one mistake could prove to be fatal for the organization. The goal of the organization is to reach its breakeven point as soon as possible. The last major reason, which causes the failure of the start up organization, is the problem with the product. The product that has been developed should be able to fulfil the need of the market and should consist of a value proposition, which will grab the attention of the market. However, it is very difficult for a new product to mitigate the needs of the consumers at the first go and the product will have to be multiple times to suit the needs of the consumers. The minor changes are not a problem for the start up but if the product is way off the mark then it will be a problem for the sustainability of the organization (Laitinen 2016). Importance of sound business model The business model for a start up organization can be considered as bedrock as it will describe the ways in which the organization will be making money. A strong business model will help in maintaining the sustainability of the organization. The business model consist of the in depth information regarding the sources of the revenue for the organization. The business identifies all the key aspects of the organization, which will generate revenue for the organization (Lambert 2015). There are mainly two reasons, which will indicate whether the business model of the organization is any good or not. The first reason is that the parameter does not make any sense and the second is that the revenue generated will not add up to provide any profit to the organization. The most important thing for a start up organization is the revenue generation of the organization as it will be instrumental in maintaining the sustainability (Serrat 2017). Business model defines the exchange of the value betw een the consumers and the company. Development of a business model that is sustainability is a challenge for the start up organizations. Evolution of a business is a key aspect of the sustainability of an organization. The expectancy of life of any organization can be considered to be 15 years and it seen that there are lot of changes in the list of companies that are present in the fortune 500 (Martins, Rindova and Greenbaum 2015). This shows that there is constant need for innovation and changes in the business model of an organization as it is very tough to maintain sustainability in the modern era of business. Globalization has lead to the evolution of the modern business activities so the companies will have to keep evolving by the making changes to the business model so that the organizations can maintain their sustainability. The most difficult part is creating a business model, which is viable for the activities of the organization. Moreover, the organizations will have to k eep on changing the model so that they can make improvements to the existing business models. The model has to be based on the relationship with the consumers and other important aspects so start up organization will have to think differently while creating the business model (Bohnsack, Pinkse and Kolk 2014). The business model canvas can be used to define all the aspects that are included in the operations of the organizations. It consist of nine main aspects which are important fro the sustainability of the organization. These aspects are used to create, deliver and acquire value for the consumers. However, the meaning of the model changes as the time progresses, the business model activities of a start up will be different from the multinational companies. The business model is the most effective way of identifying the various aspects, which are crucial for the growth of the organization (Lehoux et al. 2014). The business model will help to understand the feasibility of the business and the requirements. The business model will help the organizations to identify the things that are needed to make the start up feasible and sustainable. The start up organizations will have to check for the CAC/LTV rule to identify whether the business will be a success or a failure. Cost of acquisition o f a customer (CAC) and lifetime value of the consumer (LTV) are the two factors, which can be used to find out the feasibility of a business plan. CAC should be comparatively much less than the LTV as the addition cost will be incurred while execution of the process. When CAC is more than that of the LTV the business is sure to fail as the organization will run out of capital and will be unable to maintain the sustainability of the organization (Kim and Min 2015). The business model is a lifeline for the start up companies as they will be able to indentify whether their business will be feasible or not. The primary aim of a start up organization is to reach the breakeven point and in order to do so the organization will have to focus on all the nine aspects that are mentioned in the business canvas model. Key resources, key partners, key activities, value proposition, customer relationship, customer segment, distribution channel, structure of cost and revenue generation streams are the factors which are included in the business model (Autio et al. 2014). Feasibility of all this factors will be essential for the development of the business model and a strong business is the only to maintain sustainability in the market. The multinational companies that have been able to maintain their sustainability in the market is due to the use of innovation in the business model and the constant evolution. Most of the multinational companies are making use of innovation to improve their business model as it helps in gaining competitive advantage in the market. Acquiring of the consumers, unique selling proposition, differentiation of the product and pricing are important aspect for creation of a sound business model (Bocken et al. 2016). The start up companies will have to make sure that these four aspects are given more importance, as it will help in revenue generation of the organization. Capital is a very essential requirement of a start up organization as it is in early phase and it is necessary for the organization to generate revenue by overcoming obstacles in their paths, which will help in creating more value for the organization. The valuation of the organization will help to acquire capital when it is required and so the organization will have to keep on increasing the valuation of the organization by adding value to the business model. Thus, it can be seen that business model is very important for the sustainability of the organization (Linder and Williander 2017). Managerial skills required to reach breakeven point Breakeven point is the key to sustainability for the start up organization and organization will be calculate and identify the time and sales required to reach the breakeven point for an organization. The start up organizations will have to be aware of the sales volume required to cover up the expenses and this helps the organization to identify the business needs of the organization, which will support in sustainability of the organization (Itoh et al. 2017). This is one of the fundamental skills, a leader should possess, it helps in gaining knowledge regarding the performance, and output required for maintaining the sustainability. The profit and loss analysis of the organization has to done to identify all the costs and revenues over a period of time. The calculation of the yearly breakeven point will help in identifying the goals and objectives for the organization. The organizations have to use this analysis to identify the monthly target for the organization (Carland and Carlan d 2015). The organizations can use this to set immediate goals and objectives and by making shorter gaols for the organization will act as a stepping-stone for long-term growth. There are two types of expenses, which are related to the organization one is fixed and other is variable. The fixed cost remains the same for the organization but the variable cost changes with the change in volume of the sales. The knowledge about the fixed and the variable costs of the company provides information about the cost in the various activities of the production chain. This helps to identify the margin of contribution for various processes, which helps to identify the strategy needed to reach the breakeven point (Anderson et al. 2015). When an organization reaches breakeven point it starts gaining profits which can be used to add value to the organization. Entrepreneurs should possess some key management skills, which will help to reach breakeven point and to sustain the start up business. Self-awareness, relationship building, motivation, enterprise basic and leading change are the major skills that are required by the leaders to reach a level of breakeven point for the organization (Hatch et al. 2017). Entrepreneurs will have to balance their selfishness and the selflessness so that they can contribute to their vision by devoting to the various activities within the organization. The leaders will have to be aware of their own positives and the negative, self-introspection of ones self helps to identify the factors that which will help the leaders to manage the organization and employees involved in it. Interpersonal skills, emotional quotient, intelligence quotient and perception are the qualities, which is essential within a leader. The leaders should use their strong suit to their advantage to make sure that the organization is in alignment with the goals of the organization (Salat 2016). Exceptional leaders are aware of their limitations, which helps them to use their drawbacks as an advantage to gain sustainability. Interpersonal skill is very important factor in management as development of relationship with the employees and the investors is very important. When a leader is able to maintain a good relationship with the employees of the organization it helps to motivate the employees. The leaders will have to be innovative so that they can make improvements to their business model. The improvement in the business model is the key to reaching the breakeven point and the organization will have to keep on improving their business models as the market trends change on a regular basis. The leader should be transformational who will be able to change the whole environment of the organization. The leaders should be more involved in the internal affairs of the organization as it is a start up (Rout et al. 2017). T he leaders should use innovation to transform the environment of the organization. Entrepreneurs will have to be aware of the various circumstances so that they will be to handle any contingencies. The leaders will have to motivate their employees and bring improvements in the workforce environment. The workforce is one of the most important aspect for an organization. The workforce is an asset, which can increase, or decrease the operational productivity of the organization depending upon the level of motivation and direction the leaders has provide to the employees. Entrepreneurs should be able to foresee and predict the changes in the markets so that the organizations are ready for any contingency within the organization (Hisrich and Ramadani 2017). Entrepreneurs will have to manage their organizations skilfully to develop a unique workforce and use innovation to make improvement in the operational efficiency of the organization. Entrepreneurs need specific skills, which will help to reach breakeven point for the organization. They should be able to manage the capital they have in its best possible way. During the commencement of an organization, the amount of capital available is minimal and so the Entrepreneurs will have to manage their resources available to them in the best possible way (Lin 2017). They should be able to manage the budget by being practical about the expenses. Entrepreneurs should make sure that unnecessary expenditure is not included in the cost structure of the organization. Entrepreneurs should have good interpersonal skills, which will help in raising funds for the organization. They should be able to add value to the organization, increasing the valuation of the organization by achieving their immediate goals will be instrumental in raising funds. Entrepreneurs should have good convincing power and for that, they need interpersonal skills, which is very essential for raising funds. E ntrepreneurs should be able to take stress in a positive way, stress can have negative impact on the entrepreneurs so they should be aware of methods that will help them to relieve stress and use it for the benefit of the organization (Eberhart, Eesley and Eisenhardt 2017). They should be able to chalk out their plan of action so that they can be more productive. Self-awareness in this scenario is very important as it helps to identify the peak times of energy, which will help to chalk out the routine. They should be able to make friendship with other entrepreneurs who will provide insights about the problems that they face on a day-to-day basis. The entrepreneurs should be aware of their weaknesses and strengths. Thus, they can divide their task to make sure that his weakness can be transformed in to strengths for the organization (Wang, Thornhill and De Castro 2017). They should be good judge of character which will ensure that they will be able to hire people who are effective an d suitable for the positions in the organization. they should be able to provide adequate training to the employees they are hiring. This will help the employees to understand the goals and objectives of the organization and at the same time give them a proper direction. Entrepreneurs will have to be good managers early on in their business so they should be able to motivate and encourage the people within the organization. Managing the workforce is an essential factor as effective workforce will be an essential factor in reaching the breakeven point. The entrepreneurs should have basic knowledge about the search engine optimization so that they promote their business in the industry. They should be aware of digital marketing, which is an effective way of gaining competitive advantage in the market. Entrepreneurs should be aware of the usability of the A/B split test, which helps in implementation of change (Vahlne, Hamberg and Schweizer 2017). New organizations will have to adapt t o the market situations so initially they will have to keep on changing lot of aspects to maintain sustainability in the market and split test will be an effective way of making the changes. Social media is one of the most powerful medium for marketing in the modern era and the entrepreneurs should be able to make usage of this medium to promote the product. They should be able to identify the actual needs of the consumers so that they are able to provide the consumers with the desired service they aspire. Entrepreneurs should be able to identify the new trends in the market, which will help to make subtle changes in the products. This will help to gain competitive advantage in the market. Innovation is the only way in which the start-ups can compete with the multinational companies in their respective fields so identification of the upcoming trend is important for the organization (Luetge and Jauernig 2014). Entrepreneurs should be able to deal with the ups and downs in the market and to learn from the failures that will help to create a better business model. Entrepreneurs should be willing to contribute to the society by providing the world with something new. They should be willing to contribute to the society by making innovative products, which will actually mitigate the needs of the organization. thus, the budding entrepreneurs if possess the above skills will be able to reach the break even with ease. Risk involved in the business The three major risk factors, which the start up companies will have to mitigate, are market risk, financial risk and management risk. The current changes in the market trends will pose a risk for the start up organizations s there is no way to accurate predict the upcoming trends. The start-ups should be prepared for the entire situation or will have to use innovation to mitigate this arising risk (Marcelino-Sdaba et al. 2014). The market conditions may be favourable or unfavourable for the organization and it is not possible to control the external environment so the organization will have to make adequate change to reduce the risk. However, analysis of the market is one of the ways of identifying the trends in the market and start-ups can use this to mitigate the risk. The availability of capital is a problem for the start-ups where the majority of the companies fail due to the scarcity of the cash. Thus, the start-ups will have to make usage of the available capital in an effecti ve way. Management of a new organization is quite tough especially for new budding entrepreneurs and they will be facing lot of problems while managing their employees (Eberhart, Eesley and Eisenhardt 2017). Thus, the companies will have to make sure that they are able to maintain the organizational structure. Sources of evidence The source of this report is form various articles and journals which has made an in depth analysis of the start up businesses. The data consist of articles that have been taken from the analysis of various authors who have specified the reason for the failure of a new business venture. The data has also been taken taken from the blogs written by famous entrepreneurs who have made their name in the market. The report consist of secondary data only which has been collected from various research papers and thesis which have portrayed the various aspects of starting a new business. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the report that it is quite tough for the new organization to sustain in this intense market of competition and the report suggest that the only 10% of the all the new start businesses in the world survive. This shows that it is difficult for the new start up organizations to sustain in this market. However, there are certain measures, which can be taken by the budding entrepreneurs, which will help to reach the breakeven point and maintain sustainability. However, the entrepreneurs must have some specials skills, which will help him to manage the new organization successfully. Thus, it can be said that it is possible for start-ups to succeed but they will have to follow the mentioned guidelines. Reference Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D. and Cochran, J.J., 2015.An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D. and Wright, M., 2014. Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context.Research Policy,43(7), pp.1097-1108. Bocken, N.M., de Pauw, I., Bakker, C. and van der Grinten, B., 2016. Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy.Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering,33(5), pp.308-320. Bohnsack, R., Pinkse, J. and Kolk, A., 2014. Business models for sustainable technologies: Exploring business model evolution in the case of electric vehicles.Research Policy,43(2), pp.284-300. Carland, J.W. and Carland, J.C., 2015. A model of potential entrepreneurship: Profiles and educational implications.Journal of Small Business Strategy,8(1), pp.1-14. Dehn, J., Webley, P. and Cunningham, K.W., 2014, December. Success and Failure in University-Based Startups. InAGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Drucker, P., 2014.Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Eberhart, R.N., Eesley, C.E. and Eisenhardt, K.M., 2017. Failure is an option: Institutional change, entrepreneurial risk, and new firm growth.Organization Science,28(1), pp.93-112. Giardino, C., Wang, X. and Abrahamsson, P., 2014, June. Why early-stage software startups fail: a behavioral framework. InInternational Conference of Software Business(pp. 27-41). Springer, Cham. Hatch, M.D., Daniels, S.D., Glerum, K.M. and Higgins, L.D., 2017. The cost effectiveness of vancomycin for preventing infections after shoulder arthroplasty: a break-even analysis.Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery,26(3), pp.472-477. Hisrich, R.D. and Ramadani, V., 2017. Entrepreneurial Risk Management. InEffective Entrepreneurial Management(pp. 55-73). Springer International Publishing. Itoh, N., Kurata, G. and Nishimura, M., International Business Machines Corporation, 2017.Unsupervised training method, training apparatus, and training program for an N-gram language model based upon recognition reliability. U.S. Patent 9,536,518. Kelly, M., 2017. Why Businesses Fail and How To Succeed Instead. Kim, S.K. and Min, S., 2015. Business model innovation performance: When does adding a new business model benefit an incumbent?.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(1), pp.34-57. Krishna, A., Agrawal, A. and Choudhary, A., 2016, December. Predicting the Outcome of Startups: Less Failure, More Success. InData Mining Workshops (ICDMW), 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on(pp. 798-805). IEEE. Laitinen, E.K., 2016. Financial failure of a startup: a simulation approach.International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development,15(4), pp.282-307. Lambert, S.C., 2015. The importance of classification to business model research.Journal of Business Models,3(1), p.49. Lehoux, P., Daudelin, G., Williams-Jones, B., Denis, J.L. and Longo, C., 2014. How do business model and health technology design influence each other? Insights from a longitudinal case study of three academic spin-offs.Research Policy,43(6), pp.1025-1038. Lin, W., 2017. The Mechanisms of Transition from Effectual to Causal thinking in Entrepreneurial Contingency.International Journal of Business and Management,12(5), p.51. Linder, M. and Williander, M., 2017. Circular business model innovation: inherent uncertainties.Business Strategy and the Environment,26(2), pp.182-196. Luetge, C. and Jauernig, J. eds., 2014.Business Ethics and Risk Management. Springer. Marcelino-Sdaba, S., Prez-Ezcurdia, A., Lazcano, A.M.E. and Villanueva, P., 2014. Project risk management methodology for small firms.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.327-340. Martins, L.L., Rindova, V.P. and Greenbaum, B.E., 2015. Unlocking the hidden value of concepts: a cognitive approach to business model innovation.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(1), pp.99-117. Pinkwart, A., Proksch, D., Schefczyk, M., Fiegler, T. and Ernst, C., 2015. Reasons for the Failure of New Technology-Based Firms: A Longitudinal Empirical Study for Germany.Credit and Capital MarketsKredit und Kapital,48(4), pp.597-627. Rout, A., Sahoo, S.S., Thomas, S. and Varghese, S.M., 2017. Development of Customized Formulae for Feasibility and Break-Even Analysis of Domestic Solar Water Heater.International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER),7(1), pp.386-398. Salat, S., 2016. The break-even point. Impact of urban densities on value creation, infrastructure costs and embodied energy. InSBE 16 Turin Conference Proceedings. Serrat, O., 2017. Business model innovation. InKnowledge Solutions(pp. 499-507). Springer Singapore. Tobak, S., 2014. 9 Reasons Why Most Startups Fail.Entrepreneur. Np. Vahlne, J.E., Hamberg, M. and Schweizer, R., 2017. MANAGEMENT UNDER UNCERTAINTY-THE UNAVOIDABLE RISK-TAKING.Multinational Business Review, (just-accepted), pp.00-00. Wang, T., Thornhill, S. and De Castro, J.O., 2017. Entrepreneurial orientation, legitimation, and new venture performance.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal.

Asian American Woman before 1950s Essay Example

Asian American Woman before 1950s Essay It is fair to state that the status of Asian American women before 1950s was not any better than that suffered by minorities from any racial-ethnic group during this period. This is amply attested by first-hand accounts of discrimination and maltreatment by early immigrants. We also have copious legal indictments handing penalties, jail sentences and deportations to early wave of Asian immigrants to the ‘land of the free’. Considering that it was beginning from the second half of the 19th century that steady streams of Asian immigration poured into America, it is apt to claim that their struggle spanned a century, ending with the Civil Rights movement of 1960s. Prior to this the community endured a century of hardships that mitigated their integration into mainstream American socio-culture. If racial prejudice was a sizeable challenge on its own, the issues were compounded for womenfolk. The rest of this essay is an overview of the Asian American experience prior to 1950. Sociological theories on ‘gender’ and ‘intersectionality’ were perused as were classic literary works and essays pertaining to the subject. It is instructive to look at theoretical perspectives that make lucid the Asian American women’s experience before 1950. During much of the evolution of sociology, studying history and society through the axis of gender was not common practice. Race, ethnicity, age, class and nation were the common definitive parameters for groups that were studied. Understanding socio-history from the perspective of gender was mainly an offshoot of feminist movements of mid-twentieth century. The second wave feminist movement was especially instrumental in introducing this approach. The relational identities of women of 19th century as either someone’s daughter, husband or mother is fully applicable to Asian American women. The word ‘gender’ is used frequently in common parlance synonymous with the word ‘sex’ thereby betraying a biological determinism to the classification. But sociologists have sharpened its definition to stress the We will write a custom essay sample on Asian American Woman before 1950s specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Asian American Woman before 1950s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Asian American Woman before 1950s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"relational aspect of normative definitions of femininity†¦accordingly, women and men were defined in terms of one another, an no understanding of either could be achieved by entirely separate study†¦the goal is to discover the range in sex roles and in sexual symbolism in different societies and periods, to find out what meaning they had and how they functioned to maintain the social order or to promote its change†. (Scott, 1986) Seen in the backdrop of this theoretical framework, it is fair to claim that Asian American women had a decidedly more arduous century prior to 1950 than their male counterparts. This is evident in the literary works of the time, especially that of Jade Snow Wong’s ‘Fifth Chinese Daughter’. The short novel is filled with real life events of the author as she lived through the transition from a native Chinese culture steeped in tradition and the more liberal outlook afforded in America. The book shows the patriarchal familial set up among the Chinese and how this can be a hindrance for immigrant women looking to avail of opportunities for personal and professional growth in the New World. ‘Intersectionality’ is another useful theoretical basis for studying Asian American women’s experience, for it brings the core problems from different domains to the analysis. It helps the studied group to â€Å"invent and inhabit identities that register the effects of differentiated and uneven power, permitting them to envision and enact new social relations grounded in multiple axes of intersecting, situated knowledge.† (Chun, Lipsitz, and Shin, 2013) The theory is seen in action in Jew Law Ying’s ‘Coaching Book’ – a touching historical document that brings out the extent of Asian American women’s struggle for citizenship in the USA. The work is a translation of the ‘coaching book’ which the author’s father sent to her mother prior to the latter’s long voyage to America. The book lists a long set of questions that her mother could possibly receive from immigration officials upon her alighting ashore. It then goes on to give the answers she is expected to give to avoid contradictions with the information already gleaned from her husband. The irony of the situation is that Mrs. Law Ying had to be coached in this way not so much to deceive interrogating officers as to remain consistent with her husband’s utterances. Later in her life Mrs. Law Ying would state that she qualified for citizenship by speaking honestly and not due to the help offered via the book. This makes the book all the more a symbol of love. It stands as a talisman of romance that an Asian American woman received from her husband from a far away land. Yet, the Coaching Book also stands for patriarchal social arrangements that were the norm in late modern China. In retrospect the coaching project is impressive in its simplicity and earnestness, with its detailed biographical minutiae, its representative and erroneous village map and the obviously banality of the questions. But there is a bitter reality behind Law Ying’s particular case of romantic success. For every woman that succeeds the immigration exam, there is a multitude that fails. This confines the latter to severe pecuniary penalties at best and deportation at worst. Those who fall between these two extremes face the unsavoury prospect of a life wasted in prostitution or menial labour. These resistances had an effect in the pattern of Chinese immigration to the United States – it markedly reduced the proportion of female immigrants. The statistics given below is a telling sign of the disparity between the experiences of Asian American men and women. â€Å"In 1920, females comprised 12.6 percent of the U.S. Chinese population; by 1940, that figure stood at 30.0 percent†¦so this shortage among the Chinese in the United States is a matter of degree rather than a difference in kind. Where the Chinese pattern deviates from the norm is that the imbalance in the sex ratio lasted for more than a century rather than for just a few decades†. (Sucheng Chan)

Teenage Pregnancy Essay Essays

Teenage Pregnancy Essay Essays Teenage Pregnancy Essay Essay Teenage Pregnancy Essay Essay Essay Topic: Teenage Pregnancy Statisticss from the Malaysia Welfare Department for this twelvemonth. from January to April 2010. reported that 111 single immature misss were pregnant. The figure. nevertheless. is merely the tip of the iceberg as many instances go unreported and gestations terminated. It besides reported in New Straits Times on 23rd July 2010. the organic structure of a babe miss found in a bag at a coach halt near the Sultan Ismail Hospital. Johor Bahru in the forenoon. Besides there a babe found buried. New Straits Times on 18th July 2010. reported that a foetus was found buried by the wayside in Jalan 12. Bandar Puteri Puchong. Selangor. Baby dumping is non the solution to a life job and it could be charged under Section 317 of the Penal Code which carries a maximal jail term of seven old ages or mulct or both harmonizing to the Malayan jurisprudence. For the past few old ages there are many newborn babes have been found. dead or unrecorded in the most improbable topographic points like rubbish shit. For case. The Malay Mail on 26 July 2011 [ 5 ] reported that a foetus with the umbilical cord intact was found in a refuse can at Pulau Mutiara sweeping market in Jalan Makloom. Penang. This shows clearly that â€Å"baby dumping† is truly serious job that presently happened in our society. Based on Table 1. the statistic from the Headquarters of Royal Malaysia Police ( PDRM ) [ 6 ] indicated that there were 407 instances of babe dumping. for the past five old ages get downing from 2005 until 7th April 2010. On norm. there are 68 instances every twelvemonth and these instances keep increasing. While in Figure 1. 2. 1. it shows that. there are 472 babes found dumped nationally since 2005 until 16th August 2010. In twelvemonth 2010 entirely. it already recorded 65 instances up to 16 August 2010. That is means mean 8 instances per month entirely in twelvemonth 2010 and this figure is non included the instances that non reported. Harmonizing to Federal Criminal Investigation Department ( CID ) Director Commissioner Datuk Seri Bakri Zinin. this twelvemonth entirely ( 2010 ) . as at 16 August 2010. 65 dumped babes had been. As compared to 42 instances during the same period last twelvemonth ( 2009 ) . there is an addition in these instances [ 7 ] . Recently. the Cabinet besides informed that there were 21 recorded instances of pupils who got pregnant out of marriage between 2006 and 2010. Then. what about the unreported and live instances? Public belief that the figure more than what we can conceive of. After all the flooring incidents proven by the informations produced by PDRM and Welfare Department. we found a strong base to make this survey. 3. Methods A ; Material A simple random trying technique was conducted among 400 pupils ( out of entire 7535 pupils ) from Form One until Form Six ( Upper Six ) in secondary schools at the country of Bakar Arang State Assembly under Sungai Petani Parliamentary. Kedah. The schools involved were Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan 138 Ibrahim. Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sungai Pasir. Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Khir Johari and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Bandar Sungai Petani in Sungai Petani. Kedah. The information was analyzed utilizing Statistical Package for the Social Science ( SPSS ) in acquiring descriptive statistic and correlativity. 4. Results A ; Discussion 4. 1. Profile of Respondents Out of 400 respondents. there were 183 ( 45. 75 % ) male respondents and 217 ( 54. 25 % ) female respondents. This determination showed the dominant of female respondents in this survey. Sing the age group. the respondents were in the age of 13 old ages old ( 18 pupils or 4. 50 % ) . followed by 14 old ages old ( 51 pupils or 12. 75 % ) . 15 old ages old ( 44 pupils or 11. 00 % ) . 16 old ages old ( 97 pupils or 24. 25 % ) . 17 old ages old ( 94 pupils or 23. 50 % ) and in conclusion 18 old ages old and above which is 96 pupils or 24. 00 % . The highest respondents in this survey was 16 old ages old. followed by 18 old ages old. 17 old ages old. 14 old ages old. 15 old ages old and the lowest respondents were 13 old ages old. The race of respondents in this survey consist of three major races in Malaysia which is Malay. Chinese. and Indian and the balance was other races. From the determination. it can be concluded that the highest race in this survey was Malay. which consist of 242 pupils ( 60. 5 % ) . followed by Chinese. 75 pupils ( 18. 75 % ) . Indian 67students ( 16. 75 % ) and the lowest was other races which consist 16 pupils ( 4. 00 % ) . 4. 2. Consequence of Findingss H1: There is a important relationship between consciousness towards effects of free sex and babe dumping issue from the secondary school students’ position. Table 2. Awareness on effects of free sex towards a position of babe dumping issue Awareness towards effects of free sex Baby Dumping Pearson Correlation 0. 396**Sig. ( 2-tailed ) 0. 000N 400 ** . Correlation is important at the 0. 01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . There was a important relationship between consciousness towards effects of free sex and a position of babe dumping issue from the secondary school students’ position whereas P =0. 000 and r = 0. 396. Significant degree is P lt ; 0. 05 ( P = 0. 000 ) . So. the research worker accepts the H1. This means. the consciousness towards effects of free sex has an influence towards position of the babe dumping issue. This determination was besides supported by APWLD Annual Report 2010 [ 9 ] . H2: There is a important relationship between cognition on sex instruction and babe dumping issue from the secondary school students’ position. Table 3: Cognition on sex instruction towards a position of babe dumping issue.Knowledge on sex instructionBaby Dumping Pearson Correlation 0. 445**Sig. ( 2-tailed ) 0. 000N 400 ** . Correlation is important at the 0. 01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . There was a important relationship between cognition on sex instruction and position of the babe dumping issue from the secondary school students’ position whereas P = 0. 000 and r = 0. 445. Significant degree is P lt ; 0. 05 ( P = 0. 000 ) . So. the research worker accepts H2. This means. the respondents agreed that cognition on sex instruction is of import in order to forestall or cut down the figure of babe dumping that happen in Malaysia. Besides that. most of the respondent agreed 139 that by larning sex instruction. adolescents will be more full-blown and responsible to themselves and holding cognition on sex instruction is of import to forestall free sex among adolescents. H3: There is a important relationship between spiritual belief and babe dumping issue from the secondary school students’ position. Table 4. Religious belief and a position of the babe dumping issue.Religious BeliefBaby Dumping Pearson Correlation 0. 386**Sig. ( 2-tailed ) 0. 000N 400 ** . Correlation is important at the 0. 01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . There was a important relationship between spiritual belief and a position of babe dumping issue from the secondary school students’ position whereas P = 0. 000 and r = 0. 386. Significant degree is P lt ; 0. 05 ( P = 0. 000 ) . So. the research worker accepts H3. Religious belief besides plays an of import function in order to forestall babe dumping that addition from clip to clip. Other than that. most of respondents besides agreed that spiritual belief demand to use in their day-to-day life activity. This determination was besides supported by the Azmi ( 2010 ) [ 1 ] and Coleman A ; Testa ( 2007 ) [ 8 ] . 5. Decision As a decision. consciousness towards effects of free sex. cognition on sex instruction and spiritual belief showed the important relationships with the babe dumping issues in our state. Most of the respondents agreed that these three variables have a important impact on babe dumping instances. It is of import for the adolescents to understand the effects of free sex so that they can forestall the unwanted gestation at the immature age. Besides that. the cognition on sex instruction is of import to guarantee the adolescents have a better understanding about their organic structure so that they will non easy affect in free sex which can take to the babe dumping. On top of that. the of import of spiritual belief and patterns besides play a critical map. Every faith has lay down and learn about the Department of State and don’ts. about the wickedness and wages. and all faith prohibited the act of free sex. In order to forestall it. the authorities. schools. parents and adolescents should take necessary actions to halt this babe dumping issue from going worst. 6. Recommendation In order to get by with this babe dumping instances. authorities should come out with several policies and programmes. First of all. the authorities may integrate sex instruction in school course of study as portion of a holistic attack to undertake babe dumping instances. This attack is needed in order to supply consciousness and better apprehension of generative system and wellness at school degree. Besides that. the authorities besides can reconstitute or add the course of study in certain capable such as â€Å"Pendidikan Islam† or â€Å"Pendidikan Moral† in order to make consciousness and highlighted the effects of societal jobs like free sex and babe dumping. The authorities besides should advance Islam as a manner of life particularly to the Muslim young person as we can see today ; most of the people who involved in babe dumping were Muslims. Islamic bookmans and Ulama’ must take this duty to explicate to the community about Islam. However. it is of import for the spiritual individuals to utilize suited method harmonizing to mark group in executing this undertaking. The authorities besides can convey the Ulama’ or others spiritual individual from other faith to give talk to the adolescents based on their belief particularly when there is a plan for adolescents every bit good as when there is a national run to control with this sort of societal job. Drastic measure by the authorities in categorising babe dumping as a condemnable amounting to slay if it meets with all the legal specifications is besides can be introduced. The authorities can give another opportunity to the guilty parents if their babe is found alive but if the babe is found dead. the guilty parents need to be penalized under this condemnable act. 140 Government besides can assist to control this jobs by exterminate adult stuffs from cyberspace and electronic multimedia. These adult stuffs besides one of the biggest factors that can lend to the babe dumping issues because it will act upon adolescents to make bad things. It is besides recommended that the authorities come out with new regulation to curtail the adolescents below 18 old ages old to check-in hotel or motel without parents or guardian. This regulation will able to cut down free sex among the adolescents. Besides authorities. parents besides should actively play their function in get bying with this issue. For case. they should discourse â€Å"openly† about sex and things related to it with their childs. Even though this subject still â€Å"taboo† in certain civilization but it will forestall adolescents to acquire incorrect information about sex from incorrect beginnings. Weak household ties besides one of the lending factors in the lifting instances of baby-dumping. It is a signal to all the parents non to concentrate and occupy with their plants and forgets to pass clip with their kids. As caring parents. we should embrace. snog. love and give more attending to our kids before other individuals do it for them. 7. Recognitions Our sincere thanks goes to our co-workers in UiTM Kedah. Malaysia for whom we have great respect. and we wish to widen our warmest thanks to all those who have helped us with the creative activity of this paper particularly to Abdullah Fathi Muslim. Izzatul Nadiah Isa. Noor Atiqah Idris. Nurul Farakhin Zahrin and Nurzawani Abd Salam. 8. Mentions[ 1 ] Dali. A. ( 2010 ) . â€Å"Gejala buang bayi meningkat† . Kosmo. 17 August. pp. 6. [ 2 ] New Straits Times ( 2010 ) . â€Å"Eight held over merchandising of babies† available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. highbeam. com/doc/1P1- 188506529. hypertext markup language ( accessed 26 July 2011 ) [ 3 ] New Straits Times ( 2010 ) . â€Å"Foetus found buried by roadside† available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nst. com. my/nst/articles/27jani/Article ( accessed 26 November 2010 ) [ 4 ] New Straits Times ( 2010 ) . â€Å"Newborn found in fictile bag† . available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nst. com. my/nst/articles/28sarr/Article/index_html ( accessed 26 November 2010 ) [ 5 ] The Malay Mail ( 2011 ) . â€Å"Foetus of male child found in refuse can† . available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mmail. com. my/content/45796-foetus-boy-found-garbage-can ( accessed 26 July 2011 ) [ 6 ] PDRM ( 2010 ) â€Å"Baby Dumping Statistic† available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. rmp. gov. my ( accessed 26 November 2010 ) [ 7 ] The Star ( 2010 ) . â€Å"CID Chief: 472 babes found dumped since 2005† . available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //thestarmobile. com/jsp/news/viewNews. jsp? newsID=151204 A ; catID=19 ( access ed 16 August 2010 ) [ 8 ] Coleman. L. M. and Testa. A. ( 2007 ) . â€Å"Preferences towards sex instruction and information from an ethnically diverse sample of immature people† . Sexual activity Education. Vol. 7 No. 3. pp. 293-307. [ 9 ] Asia Pacific Forum on Women. Law and Development ( APWLD ) Annual Report 2010. 141

Research paper of Favorite Organism Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Of Favorite Organism - Research Paper Example Their physiological characteristics are different and interesting. In this essay various aspects of elephants will be discussed. Taxonomic classification The family to which elephant belongs is Elephantidae. It is the only family under the order Proboscidea. The domain is living, kingdom is Animalia, phylum is Chordata and class is Mammalia. Under the family Elephantidae, there are 2 genuses and they are Loxodonta or African Genus and Elephas or Asian genus. There are 2 species: africana or African species and maximus or Asian species. The subspecies in the former are africana and cyclotis and in the later are indicus, borneensis and sumatranus. Elephants are the only living members of the Proboscidea order (Fowler and Mikota, 2006). Description of the organism Elephants are mammals. The two main species are African elephant and Asian elephant. Extinct species of the order Proboscidea are mastodons and mammoths. Currently, elephants are the largest living terrestrial animals. A male elephant can reach a height of 4 m and can weight upto 7000 kg (Fowler and Mikota, 2006). African elephants have larger ears and backs that are concave. On the other hand, Asian elephants have smaller ears and backs that are convex. ... The Asian elephant is considered endangered and the African elephant is considered as vulnerable. These animals are poached for their tusks because of their ivory value. Elephants are also at threat because of habitat destruction and conflicts with people in the local region. In Asia, these animals are used for heavy work. They are also displayed in circuses and zoos. They are also featured in ceremonies and cultural events. Asian elephants have smoother skin, only one extension at the tip of the trunk and their abdomen is horizontal. The molars have narrower looped ridges in the Asian elephant when compared to African elephant which is diamond shaped (Shoshani, 2005). Other than these features, the Asian elephant has dorsal bumps on the head and also some depigmentation patches. Status of the organism The Asian elephant is on the crux of becoming endangered because of severe poaching on the animal for the purpose of tusk. Ivory can be derived from the tusk and it has a very good com mercial value. Ivory is used to make different ornaments and objects. The leather of the elephant is also used for several purposes. African elephant on the other hand is not endangered but is called vulnerable (Fowler and Mikota, 2006). Unique physiological characteristics The word elephant is derived from the Latin word "elephantus". Of all the terrestrial living animals, elephant is the largest. The height of an African elephant is about 3-4 meters and that of an Asian elephant is 2- 3.5 meters. The former weighs between 4000- 7000 kgs and the latter weighs between 3000- 5000 kgs. Males are larger than females. The skeleton of an elephant has 326- 351 bones (Fowler and Mikota, 2006). The flexibility of the backbone of an

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Report on foreign language film - Research Paper Example The movie revolves around a young Polish boy whom Visconti uses to incarnate beauty. He is a 14-year-old boy named Tadzio, played by Swedish Bjà ¸rn Andresen. The boy’s mother is played by Silvana Mangano, a beautiful Italian actress. Tadzio, the longhaired blond boy is the focus of attention of Gustav Von Aschenbach (Dirk Bogarde). An obsession of the boys beauty by Aschenbach leads to the question on the nature of the admiration (Andre 34). The main question in the movie is whether it is ethically okay in the moral standards or not. There is the mystery behind the movie in its structure and style, its symbolism and politics owing much of these to the novel by Thomas Mann’s with the same title Death in Venice, which the movie is based on. The movie is largely silent, in performance, and the actor Bogarde delivered an enlargement of meaning. The romantic suffering of Von Aschenbach manifested by his passion for Tadzio, emotional suffering on the death of his daughter. Setting Von Aschenbach on a journey of creation of beauty and purity discovered in Tadzio. The cinematography by Pasquale De Santis is also depicted in the movie. Scenes are well framed; there are lots of camera spinning from left to right allowing the observation of secondary characters. Costumes are highly stylized, and convey a Victorian look and feel, (Can 18). Can continues by making analysis on the soundtrack, which he says are echoes of one of Mahler melodies; the Adagietto of the Fifth Symphony. According to Snowball, Visconti overdid many things in the movie, which is quite evident at the end with the death of Aschenbach. He feels the movie become very boring toward the end but only saved by lovely things on the periphery. According to Snowball, he movie represents a deadly pestilence threatening both physically and represents the corruption that compromises and threatens all ideals. James feels that the Death in Venice was

Programs for Incarcerated Women Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Programs for Incarcerated Women - Research Paper Example Previously, women in prison were arrested and incarcerated for violent crimes such as murder, poisoning and arson, but the last few decades saw that a growing number of new female inmates were inside a prison for non-violent crimes, meaning these are crimes which are economic in nature. This is not a surprising fact, given that a lot of female inmates belong to racial and ethnic or other minorities such as those belonging to the lower socio-economic classes or being uneducated. The negative effect of incarcerated mothers gave rise to innovative ideas and approaches when it comes to dealing with children whose mothers are in prison. Special attention was paid to their daughters, and that is how the Girl Scouts of the USA came out with their â€Å"Girl Scouts Beyond Bars† program which made a positive influence on people who would otherwise had lost hope. Keywords: daughters, drugs, economic, girl scouts, incarcerated, women in prison Introduction The issue of women in prison is a very sensitive topic for most people. Only lately has it caught the attention of policy makers, politicians and other interested parties because of the so-called women's movement, or feminism. The previous research on this subject was limited to the gender gap among highly visible political issues such as voting preferences between males and females, social equality discussions at the workplace, abortion rights and gender differences in attitudes towards crime and punishment. Some studies showed that most women, who feel that they are more vulnerable to crime due to their enhanced feelings of insecurity, usually favor a harsher and more severe punishment for convicted offenders to serve as deterrence. Female attitudes with regard to appropriate punishments include a longer prison sentence and capital punishment. The prevailing psychology in this regard is that punishment is used as deterrence for potential crime offenders and that the said punishment will somehow reduce crime in society. Women feel particularly vulnerable when it comes to certain crimes in which by their very nature, women are the predominant victims, such as domestic violence and rape. A general perception is that the two sexes have a different attitude towards crime and punishment, with women oriented to more â€Å"ethic in care† while men prefer the â€Å"ethic in equity of justice† by which criminals must be punished immediately with enough severity, sometimes by applying death penalty. Only lately has the issue of women in prison been brought out into the open and included in the public discourse. The feminists have done quite a job in highlighting the problems of women in prison, including the racial and economic differences found to be inherent in the criminal justice system, and in particular, how female prisoners fare. This topic is the subject of this paper. Discussion The previous focus of the women's movement had been on the perceived vulnerability of women to cert ain crimes targeting them specifically. This feeling of fear and insecurity is of a great consequence in terms of their feeling and perception as potential victims. However, a new feminist focus today is one on the problem of women ending up in prisons and all the other issues related to female incarceration. The prior years had been focused on women as victims, but this new tack in public discourse has now shifted to women as

Importance of Discrete Mathematics in Computer Science

Importance of Discrete Mathematics in Computer Science Computer science is the study of problems, problem solving and the solutions that come out of the problem solving process, B. Miller and D. Ranum (2013). A computer scientist goal is to develop an algorithm, a step by step list of instructions in solving a problem. Algorithms are finite processes that if followed will solve the problem Discrete mathematics is concerned with structures which take on a discrete value often infinite in nature. Just as the real-number system plays a crucial role in continuous mathematics, integers are the cornerstone in discrete mathematics. Discrete mathematics provides excellent modelling tools for analysing real-world phenomena that varies in one state or another and is a vital tool used in a wide range of applications, from computers to telephone call routing and from personnel assignments to genetics, E.R. Scheinerman (2000) cited in W. J. Rapaport 2013). The difference between discrete mathematics and other disciplines is the basic foundation on proof as its modus operandi for determining truth, whereas science for example, relies on carefully analysed experience. According to J. Barwise and J. Etchemendy, (2000), a proof is any reasoned argument accepted as such by other mathematicians. Discrete mathematics is the background behind many computer operations (A. Purkiss 2014, slide 2) and is therefore essential in computer science. According to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2000), discrete mathematics is an essential part of the educational curriculum (Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, p. 31). K. H Rosen (2012) cites several important reasons for studying discrete mathematics including the ability to comprehend mathematical arguments. In addition he argues discrete mathematics is the gateway to advanced courses in mathematical sciences. This essay will discuss the importance of discrete mathematics in computer science. Furthermore, it will attempt to provide an understanding of important related mathematical concepts and demonstrate with evidence based research why these concepts are essential in computer science. The essay will be divided into sections. Section one will define and discuss the importance of discrete mathematics. The second section will focus on and discuss discrete structures and relationships with objects. The set theory would be used as an example and will give a brief understanding of the concept. The third section will highlight the importance of mathematical reasoning. Finally, the essay will conclude with an overview of why discrete mathematics is essential in computer science. Discrete Mathematics According to K. H. Rosen, (2012) discrete mathematics has more than one purpose but more importantly it equips computer science students with logical and mathematical skills. Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematics that underpins computer science, with a focus on discrete structures, for example, graphs, trees and networks, K H Rosen (2012). It is a contemporary field of mathematics widely used in business and industry. Often referred to as the mathematics of computers, or the mathematics used to optimize finite systems (Core-Plus Mathematics Project 2014). It is an important part of the high school mathematics curriculum. Discreet mathematics is a branch of mathematics dealing with objects that can assume only distinct separated values (mathworld wolfram.com). Discrete mathematics is used in contrast with continuous mathematics, a branch of mathematics dealing with objects that can vary smoothly including calculus (mathworld wolfram.com). Discrete mathematics includes graph theory, theory of computation, congruences and recurrence relations to name but a few of its associated topics (mathworld wolfram.com). Discrete mathematics deals with discrete objects which are separated from each other. Examples of discrete objects include integers, and rational numbers. A discrete object has known and definable boundaries which allows the beginning and the end to be easily identified. Other examples of discrete objects include buildings, lakes, cars and people. For many objects, their boundaries can be represented and modelled as either continuous or discrete, (Discrete and Continuous Data, 2008). A major reason discrete mathematics is essential for the computer scientist, is, it allows handling of infinity or large quantity and indefiniteness and the results from formal approaches are reusable. Discrete Structures To understand discrete mathematics a student must have a firm understanding of how to work with discrete structures. These discrete structures are abstract mathematical structures used to represent discrete objects and relationships between these objects. The discrete objects include sets, relations, permutations and graphs. Many important discrete structures are built using sets which are collections of objects K H Rosen (2012). Sets As stated by Cantor (1895: 282) cited in J. L. Bell (1998) a set is a collection of definite, well- differentiated objects. K. H Rosen (2012) states discrete structures are built using sets, which are collections of objects used extensively in counting problems; relations, sets of ordered pairs that represent relationships between objects, graphs, sets of vertices and edges that connect vertices and edges that connect vertices; and finite state machines, used to model computing machines. Sets are used to group objects together and often have similar properties. For example, all employees working for the same organisation make up a set. Furthermore those employees who work in the accounts department form a set that can be obtained by taking the elements common to the first two collections. A set is an unordered collection of objects, called elements or members of the set. A set is said to contain its elements. To denote that a is an element of the set A, we write a â‚ ¬ A. For example the set O of odd positive integers less than 10 can be expressed by O = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Another example is, {x |1 ≠¤ x ≠¤ 2 and x is a real number.} represents the set of real numbers between 1 and 2 and {x | x is the square of an integer and x ≠¤ 100} represents the set {0. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100}, (www.cs.odu.edu). Mathematical Reasoning Logic is the science for reasoning, Copi, (1971) and a collection of rules used in carrying out logical reasoning. The foundation for logic was laid down by the British mathematician George Boole. Logic is the basis of all mathematical reasoning and of all automated reasoning. It has practical applications to the design of computing machines, to the specification of systems, to artificial intelligence, to computer programming, to programming languages and to other areas of computer science, K H Rosen, (2012 page 1). Mathematical logic, starts with developing an abstract model of the process of reasoning in mathematics, D. W. Kucker page 1. Following the development of an abstract model a study of the model to determine some of its properties is necessary. The aim of logic in computer science is to develop languages to model the situations we encounter as computer science professionals, in such a way that we can reason about them formally. Reasoning about situations means constructing arguments about them; we want to do this formally, so that the arguments are valid and can be defended rigorously, or executed on a machine. In understanding mathematics we must understand what makes a correct mathematical argument, that is, a proof. As stated by C. Rota (1997) a proof is a sequence of steps which leads to the desired conclusion Proofs are used to verify that computer programs produce the correct result, to establish the security of a system and to create artificial intelligence. Logic is interested in true or false statements and how the truth or falsehood of a statement can be determined from other statements (www.cs.odu.edu). Logic is represented by symbols to represent arbitrary statements. For example the following statements are propositions â€Å"grass is green† and â€Å"2 + 2 = 5†. The first proposition has a truth value of â€Å"true† and the second â€Å"false†. According to S. Waner and S. R Constenoble (1996) a proposition is any declarative sentence which is either true or false. Many in the computing community have expressed the view that logic is an essential topic in the field of computer science (e.g., Galton, 1992; Gibbs Tucker, 1986; Sperschneider Antoniou, 1991). There has also been concern that the introduction of logic to computer science students has been and is being neglected (e.g., Dijkstra, 1989; Gries, 1990). In their article â€Å"A review of several programs for the teaching of logic†, Goldson, Reeves and Bornat (1993) stated: There has been an explosion of interest in the use of logic in computer science in recent years. This is in part due to theoretical developments within academic computer science and in part due to the recent popularity of Formal Methods amongst software engineers. There is now a widespread and growing recognition that formal techniques are central to the subject and that a good grasp of them is essential for a practising computer scientist. (p. 373). In his paper â€Å"The central role of mathematical logic in computer science†, Myers (1990) provided an extensive list of topics that demonstrate the importance of logic to many core areas in computer science and despite the fact that many of the topics in Myers list are more advanced than would be covered in a typical undergraduate program, the full list of topics covers much of the breadth and depth of the curriculum guidelines for computer science, Tucker (1990). The model program report (IEEE, 1983) described discrete mathematics as a subject area of mathematics that is crucial to computer science and engineering. The discrete mathematics course was to be a pre or co requisite of all 13 core subject areas except Fundamentals of Computing which had no pre requisites. However in Shaw’s (1985) opinion the IEEE program was strong mathematically but disappointing due to a heavy bias toward hardware and its failure to expose basic connections between hardware and software. In more recent years a task force had been set up to deve lop computer science curricula with the creation of a document known as the Denning Report, (Denning, 1989). The report became instrumental in developing computer science curriculum. In a discussion of the vital role of mathematics in the computing curriculum, the committee stated, mathematical maturity, as commonly attained through logically rigorous mathematics courses is essential to successful mastery of several fundamental topics in computing, (Tucker, 1990, p.27). It is generally agreed that students in undergraduate computer science programs should have a strong basis in mathematics and attempts to recommend which mathematics courses should be required, the number of mathematics courses and when the courses should be taken have been the source of much controversy (Berztiss, 1987; Dijkstra, 1989; Gries, 1990; Ralston and Shaw, 1980; Saiedian 1992). A central theme in the controversy within the computer science community has been the course discrete mathematics. In 1989, the Mathematical Association of America published a report about discrete mathematics at the undergraduate level (Ralston, 1989). The report made some recommendations including offering discrete mathematics courses with greater emphasis on problem solving and symbolic reasoning (Ralston, 1989; Myers, 1990). Conclusion The paper discussed the importance of discrete mathematics in computer science and its significance as a skill for the aspiring computer scientist. In addition some examples of this were highlighted including its usefulness in modelling tools to analyse real world events. This includes its wide range of applications such as computers, telephones, and other scientific phenomena. The next section looked at discrete structures as a concept of abstract mathematical structures and the development of set theory a sub topic within discrete mathematics. The essay concluded with a literature review of evidence based research in mathematical reasoning where various views and opinions of researchers, academics and other stakeholders were discussed and explored. The review makes clear of the overwhelming significance and evidence stacked in favour for students of computer science courses embarking on discrete mathematics. Overall, it is generally clear that pursuit of a computer science course w ould most definitely need the associated attributes in logical thinking skills, problem solving skills and a thorough understanding of the concepts. In addition the review included views of an increased interest in the use of logic in computer science in recent years. Furthermore formal techniques have been acknowledged and attributed as central to the subject of discrete mathematics in recent years. References A. Purkiss 2014, Lecture 1: Course Introduction and Numerical Representation, Birkbeck University. B. Miller and D. Ranum 2013. Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures: accessed on [18.01.15] Berztiss, A. (1987). A mathematically focused curriculum for computer science. Communications of the ACM, 30 (5), 356–365. Copi, I. M. (1979). Symbolic Logic (5th ed.). New York: Macmillan Core-Plus Mathematics Project 2014: Discrete Mathematics available at http://www.wmich.edu/cpmp/parentresource/discrete.html [accessed on 25.01.14] 6. D W Kucker Notes on Mathematical Logic; University of Maryland, College Park. Available at http://www.math.umd.edu/~dkueker/712.pdf Accessed on [24.01.15] Denning, P. J. (chair). (1989). Computing as a discipline. Communications of the ACM, 32 (1), 9–23. Dijkstra, E. W. (1989). On the cruelty of really teaching computing science. Communications of the ACM, 32 (12), 1398–1404. Discrete and Continuous Data, (2008). Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. Available at http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Discrete%20and%20continuous%20data [accessed on 18.01.15]. Discrete Structures (2010) available at http://www.cs.odu.edu/~toida/nerzic/content/schedule/schedule.html#day3 [accessed on 25.01.15] Edward R. Scheinerman (2000), Mathematics, A Discrete Introduction (Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA, 2000): xvii–xviii. Cited in W. J. Rapaport (2013). Discrete Structures. What is Discrete Maths? available from http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/191/whatisdiscmath.html-20130629 accessed on [25.01.2015] Galton, A. (1992). Logic as a Formal Method. The Computer Journal 35 (5), 431–440 Gibbs, N. E., Tucker, A. B. (1986). A model curriculum for a liberal arts degree in computer science. Communications of the ACM 29 (3), 202–210 Goldson, D., Reeves, S., Bornat, R. (1993). A review of several programs for the teaching of logic. The Computer Journal, 36 (4), 373–386. Gries, D. (1990). Calculation and discrimination: A more effective curriculum. Communications of the ACM. 34 (3). 44–55. 16. http://www.cs.odu.edu/~toida/nerzic/content/intro2discrete/intro2discrete.html : Introduction to Discrete Structures What’s and Whys IEEE Model Program Committee. (1983). The 1983 IEEE Computer Society Model Program in Computer Science and Engineering. IEEE Computer Society. Educational Activities Board J. Barwise and J. Etchemendy, Language, Proof and Logic, Seven Bridges Press, New York, 2000, ISBN 1-889119-08-3. J. L. Bell Oppositions and Paradoxes in Mathematics and Philosophy available at http://publish.uwo.ca/~jbell/Oppositions%20and%20Paradoxes%20in%20Mathematics2.pdf accessed on [25.01.2015] 20. K. H Rosen 2012 Discrete Mathematics and its Applications, 7edn, Monmouth University. Myers, Jr. J. P. (1990). The Central role of mathematical logic in computer science. SIGCSE Bulletin, 22 (1), 22–26. Ralston, A. (Ed.) (1989). Discrete Mathematics in the First Two Years. MAA Notes No. 15. The Mathematical Association of America. Ralston, A., Shaw, M. (1980). Curriculum 78 Is computer science really that unmathematical? Communications of the ACM, 23 (2), 67–70. Rota, G.-C. (1997). The phenomenology of mathematical proof. Syntheses, 111:183-196. S. Waner S. R. Costenoble (1996) Introduction to Logic. Saiedian, H. (1992). Mathematics of computing. Computer Science Education, 3 (3), 203-221. Shaw, M. (Ed.) (1985). The Carnegie-Mellon Curriculum for Undergraduate Computer Science. New York: Springer-Verlag Sperschneider, V., Antoniou, G. (1991). Logic: A foundation for computer science International Computer Science Series. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2000). Principles and Standards for School Mathematics. Tucker, A. B. (Ed.) (1990). Computing Curricula 1991: Report of the ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Curriculum Task Force Final Draft, December 17. ACM Order Number 201910. IEEE Computer Society Press Order Number 2220